This is what that comes to most peoples minds first when thinking of cells. This contains the DNA that makes up the cell and gives its instructions on what it shall be and what it will do.
Nucleolus Nucleolus are inside the nucleus only a small section. They send information out of the nucleus and they also take place in protein synthesis
Nuclear Envelope This a highly regulated membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm it has a large number of proteins within it. It is also a double membrane enclosing the nucleus.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a double layer of hydrophilic phospolipids. This means that the head of the phospolipid loves water and the tails are hydrophobic and face to interior of the cell. The cell membrane are receptors for odors, tastes, hormones. The Membrane is also reasonable for controlling the entry and exist of Ions
Cytoplasm The Cytoplasm is the "water" inside of the cell it is the collective term for Cytosol. Cytoplasm Controls the cells metabolism, there are single tranduction pathways, glycolysis, and intracellualar receptors.
Chromosomes These are found within the nucleus they hold the cells that contain the specific DNA the nucleus need to create and manage its self
RIbosomes Ribosmes are made up of two different parts . The larger part is called a large sub-unit and the other part is called the small sub- unit for it is also smaller then the Large sub-unit. They hold the RNA synthesis protein and then transfer the RNA and add in the amino acid
Rough ER Rough ER synthesises poteins and that is collected in the enplamic reticulum. The rough ER has ribosomes which makes it appear bumpy
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth ER is responsible for the production of hormones, however, it has different functions on what type of cells it is in. In a lipid and steroid hormone there is synthesis, in liver cells there is the breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins, and it also controls calcium release in muscle cells. In appearance, the Smooth ER is a membrane bound vesicles, tubules and is the continuation of the nuclear membrane which is called the endoplasmic recticulum.
Chloroplasts These are only found in plants. They have a double outer layer membrane they also have thylakoids that appear within the stroma and appear in stacks called Grana. They give the plant its green color because they have chlorophyll and the plants ability absorb the energy from the sun. They use the energy to complete photosynthesis which is the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into sugar.
Golgi Apparatus A stack of single membrane - bond vesicles. Their job is to transport macromlecules to other places in the cell. The Golgi apparatus packages the membrane - bond vesicles at the periphery. They package enzymatic contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles.
Vacuoles The Vacuoles are different in both plants and animals. First the Vacuoles are a membrane - bond sac that play an important role in cells digestion and the release if cellular waste. The difference between plants and animals is that the plant's Vacuoles are larger and store both nutrients and waste, they increase the cells size during growth, and act like lysosomes in a animal. Unlike in the small animal Vacuole the water stored there makes the plant stiff.
Peroxisomes Small organelles that are responsible for eliminating the cells own toxic production of hydrogen peroxide. They have oxidantive enzymes that breakdown the hydrogen peroxide intowater and oxygen.
Centrosomes In other words the Microtubule Organizing Center this is were the microtubles are produced. More percilally a pair of small organelles called centrioles in animals cells. For animals. In animals the the centrioles replicate the centrosomes divides. Where the centrosomes moe to opposite sides of the Nucleus and a microtubules grows into a "spindle" to separate the replicated cells.
Cell Walls These do not appear in animals and are responsible for the shape of the cell. They are protective rigid walls made up of polysaccharides, in higher plant cells they are normally cellulose. In the plant cell the vacuole pushes against the cell's wall making it rigid.
Cytoskeleton The main importance of this cells is to hold the cells shape and the cell's motility, the internal movement of cell organelles. It is important in locomotion of muscle fibers contraction. They have three primary parts the microtubles, actin filaments, and intermediate fibers
Mitochondria A double membrane - bound organelle but the out side layer is smooth and the interior forms folds called the cristae. The Mitochondria is the size of bacteria but a different shape. On the cristae the sugar is combined with oxygen to make the energy the cells needs to move.
lysosomes They contain hydrolytic enzymes for aiding in intracelluar digestion. They are used to kill bacteria.